Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane bioreactors show promise as a viable technology for the treatment of wastewater. These systems utilize membrane filtration pollutants from municipal wastewater streams, offering several benefits. A comprehensive performance evaluation of PVDF membrane bioreactors is necessary to quantify their efficiency an

Nanobubbles, intriguing structures with unique physicochemical attributes, have garnered significant interest in recent years. These microscopic pockets of gas enclosed within a medium exhibit remarkable stability and impact various reactions in diverse domains. Generating and characterizing nanobubbles remains a challenging endeavor, requiring sop